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ATOMI C HISTORY PROJECT ** Aristotle Born: 384 B.C.
 * Acient Times

Died: 322 B.C.

Nationality: Greek

Biography: Aristotle one of the most famous greek philosophers. He was a student of Plato and a techer of Alexander The Great. He had many writtings on many different subjects including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logis, rhetoric, politics, goverment, ethics, biology and zoology. Aristotle was one of the most important figures in the western philosophy. Aristotle help view on the physical sciences shaped medieval shcolarship. Aristotle's works contain the formal study of logic, and was incorporated in the late 19th century into a modern formal logic. Aristotle influence metaphysics on his philophy and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions. In the midle ages he influence Christian theology. He was a influence for many people and also religion.

Plato Born: 428/427 B.C.

Died: 348/347 B.C.

Nationality: Geek

Biography: Plato is the most important philosopher. A classical Greek philosopher mathematician. He was the founder of the Academy in Arthens. The Academy he founded ws the first institutionof higher learning in the western world. He was the teacher of Aristotle. Plato helped in the foundations of natural philosophy, sicence, and westrn philosophy. At the beginning Plato was a student of Socrates and was influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death. Plato's sophistication as a writer is obvious in his Socratic dialogues. Plato wrote about many things. His writtings have been published in several fashions. Plato also founded a pedagogical funtion in his dialogues. While Plato was alive he use most of his time to teach. He was really interted in learning and discovering new things. His teachings include philosophy, logic, rhetoric, mathematics, andother things he wrote.**


 * Socrates**
 * Born:**
 * 469 B.C.

Died: 399 B.C.

Nationality: Greek

Biography:**
 * Socrates was a classical greek philosopher. Credited as the faounder of the western philosophy, He was and enigmatic figure known only through the work of his students.Plato was one of his students. Socrates has be known by reowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is the Platonic Socrated who also lends his name to the socratic irony The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy** **in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Plato's Socrates that also made important and lasting contributions to the fields of epistemology** **and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains strong in providing a foundation for much western philosophy that followed.**

Issac Newton ** ===Born: January 4, 1643 Died: March 31,1727 Nationality: British Biography: He was an english physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. He is perceive and consider as one of the most important people the history of chemistry. He was a man who study a lot and wrote many books. He wrote a book named Phiophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica and it was published in the year 1687. His book is one of the most influence by the history of science. Newton made up three laws. In mechanincs, the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum. He built the first practical relecting telescope. Telescope are very usefull for scientist. They could see the stars, planets and satellites. In math Newton worked with a partner called Gottfried Leibniz. they develop different and intregral calculus. He demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem. This is called Newton's method.=== Born: Feburary 8, 1700
 * 1700-1800
 * Daniel Bernouli**
 * [[image:http://www.af.ca/halifax/sciences/Informe/PetitsNombres/DanielBernoulli.jpg width="149" height="244" caption="external image DanielBernoulli.jpg"]]

Died: March 8, 1782

Nationality: Dutch

Biography: He was a Dutch-Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. Daniel remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. Bernoulli's work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world. Bernoulli's experiments with fluids caused him to devise a series of hypotheses about the nature of gases. He was certainly one of the first to formulate principles dealing with gases as groups of particles, which later became the basis for atomic theories. As groundbreaking as this work was, it was paid little attention by his peers, and subsequently it was nearly a century before the atomic theory rose again **

September 6, 1766
 * Born:

Died: July 27, 1844

Nationality: English

Discovery: Atomic theory

Year of Discovery:**
 * 1803

Biography:**
 * John Dalton was born into a quaker** **family at Eaglesfield****, near Cockermouth** **in Cumberland****, England****. He was a son of a weaver. He had an older brother named Jonathan. Around 1790 he had considered studying law or medicine. In 1793 he moved to Manchester. In Manchester he began a new carrer as a private tutor for mathematics and natural philosophy. Dalton's early life was influenced by a prominent Eaglesfield Quaker named Elihu Robinson. During his years in Kendal, Dalton helped to solutions of simple problems and questions on various subjects. In 1787 he beagn a meterorological dairy. He entered more than 200, 000 observations. He also rediscover Georfe Handle's theory of atmospheric circulation. The first publication was Meteorological Observations and essays in the year 1793. It cointained several ofhis later dicoveries. He also publishe his second work Elements of English Grammar in the year 1801.**

Wilhem C Roentgen** March 27, 1845
 * 1875-1900
 * Born:

Died: Febuary 10,1923

Nationality: German

Discovery: X-Rays

Year of Discovery: 1895

Biography: Wilhem C. Roentgen was born in Lennep. Son of a mechant and manufacturer of cloth. His mother was Charlotte Constanze Frowein of Amsterdam. He moved to Apeldoorn and he was raise in Netherlands. He study at the private school of Martinus Herman Van Doorn. In 1874 Rontgen was a lecture at Strasbourg University. He also became a professor at the Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim, Wurttember. he was nearly a bankrupt when he died. He was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig and had only one child. Josephine Bertha Ludwing.**

1875-1900: J. J. Thomson Born: December 18, 1856
 * 1800-1875: JJ Thomson

Died: August 30, 1940

Discovery: Isotopes and Electrons

Year of Discovery: 1897

Biography:**
 * Joseph John Thomson he studied at Ownes College, Manchester, in 1870, and 1876 entered Trinity College, Cambrige and a minor scholar. Thomas interest was in atomic structures . this was reflected when he won the Adams Prize in 1884. He also wrote antoher book named Aplication of Dymanics to Physics and Chemistry in which was published in 1886. Another of his works was Notes on Recent Researchers in Electricity and Magnetism in the year 1896. Thomas came to America very often . He taught many lectures in many different places. His lectures were published as Discharge of Electricity through Gases in the year 1897. When he return to America he achieve his mor brilliant work, the dicovery of electron. Later Thomas return to American in a very famous University. He also discover a method for separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the use of x-rays. In the year 1890 he married Rose Elisabeth. She was daughter od Sir George E. Paget, K.C.B. They had only one son.**


 * Antoine Henri Becquerel**
 * Date of birth:

December 15, 1852

Date of death:**
 * August 25, 1908

Nationality: France

Year of Discovery: 1896

Biography: He is part of a distinguished family of scientists and scholars. His father was a professor that insipired him to success. He was an expert of Applied Physics and had done research on solar radiation and on phosphorescence. Becquerel’s grandfather had made up the electrolytic method for the extraction of metals from their ores. In 1888 he earned his master on Science. In 1878 he held a position as an Assistant at the Museum of Natural History, and then replacing his father on the Chair of Applied Physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1892 he became Professor of Applied Physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum, and then became a professor at the Polytechnic in 1895. He was a very perseverant man in chemistry.**

Ernest Rutherford** August 30, 1871
 * 1900-1915:
 * Born:

Died: October, 19, 1937

Nationality : New Zealand

Discovery: Atoms have positive charges

Year of Discovery: 1911

Biography: Ernest Rutherford he was the fourth child and second son in a family of seven sons and five daughters. His father's named was James Rutherford, he was a imigrated to New Zealand. Ernest recieved his education in Goverment schools. At the age of 16 he entered Nelson Collegiate School. He was awarded a University scholarship in the year 1889. He graduated M.A. in 1893 with a double in Math and Physical Science. He was awarded an Exhibitiob Science Scholarship in the year 1894. He worked with J.J. Thomson. Rutherford did many discoveries about atoms. He discovered that radioactivity is spontaneous disintegration of atoms. By finding the radioactive matter, he also found the nucleas nature of atoms, and becoming the first successful alchemist. 1875-1915 Marie Curie Born: November 7, 1867

Died: July 4, 1934

Nationality: French

Discovery: Radioactivity

Year of Discovery: 1903 Biography: She was a physicist and chemist of Polish. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, ashe was the first perso who has earn two Nobel Prizes and she was the first female professor at the University of Paris. She was born in Warsaw. She lived in Warsaw until she was 24 years old. In the year 1891 she followed he older sister to study in Paris. She was a good student. She earned the highest degree in her career. She founded the Curie instituted in Paris and her hometown. she was married to Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie was a nobel colaureate of hers. They had one daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie. Irene married Frederic Joliot-Curie. they also recieved Nobel prizes. Her family was naturally intelligent. she had many achievements especially the creation of the theory of radioactivity.**

Neils Bohr** October 7, 1885
 * 1915-1950:
 * Born:

Died: November 18, 1962

Nationality: Danish

Discovery: The Bohr Model

Year of Discovery: 1922 Biography:Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in the city of Copenhagen. He was the son of Christian Bohr. His dad was a professor of Physiology at the Copenhagen University. He was married to his wife Ellen. Niels and his younger brother Harald grew up in a place in which they could develop thier ideas. He studed in Gammelholm Grammar School in the year 1903. Later he studied in the University of Copenhagen. Bohr's studies became theoretical in character. In 1911 he stay at Cambridge where his most greatest influenced Sir J.J. Thomas help him. Another of his gratest influence was Professor Rutherford. They both worked very well in Rutherford's Laboratory. Bohr gave more knowledge about the structure. He made various contributions to physics:**
 * **The Bohr Model of the atom, the theory that electrons** **travel in discrete orbits** **around the atom's nucleus****.**
 * **The shell model of the atom, where the chemical properties of an element are determined by the electrons in the outermost orbit.**
 * **The correspondence principle****, the basic tool of Old quantum theory****.**
 * **The liquid drip model** **of the atomic nucleus.**
 * **Identified the isotope of uranium that was responsible for slow-neutron fission - 235U.**
 * **Much work on the Copenhagen interpretation** **of quantum mechanics****.**
 * **The principle of complementaruty****: that items could be separately analyzed as having several contradictory properties.**

August 12, 1887
 * Erwin Shrodinger**
 * Born:

Died: January 4, 1961

Nationality: Austria

Discovery: Shrodinger Equation, shrodinger Method

Year of discovery: 1933

Biography: He was an theoretical physicst who achieve fame because of the contributions of quantum mechanics. He recieve a Nobel Prize beacuse of the Schrodinger equation. He was born in Vienna.He attended the Akademisches Gymnasium between the years 1906-1910. he conducted experimental work with K.W.F. Kohlrausch. He also became an assistant to Exner. He was highly influenced by Schopenhauer. Schrodinger achieved Habilitation between 1914-1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery. He aslo was an assistant of Max Wien.

Robert Millikan** March 22, 1868
 * Born:

Died: December 19, 1953

Nationality: USA

Year of Discovery: 1910

Biography**:
 * Milliakn was the second son ot the Reverend SiliasFranklin Millikan and Mary Jane Andrews. Millikan studyied in Maquoketa, Iowa high school. Millikan earned a Bachelor's degree. He was the first to earn a Ph.D. from he department. He married Greta Ervin Blanchard in 1902. Together they had three sons Clark Blanchard, Glenn Allen, and Max Franklin. He was a very important scientist. Millikan had many numerous of discoveries.His first success was the discovery of an negative charge in the atom. Electrons are the negative charge in the atom. He also proved taht falling drop method was a constant for all electrons.**

** **The plum pudding model was made up by J.J. Thomas. He discovered the negative charge in the atom in the year 1897. It was proposed in the year 1904 before his discovery of the atomic nucleus. J.J. Thomas model, the atom is made up of negative charges that surrounds by a soup of protons to balance the electron**  ** Rutherford Neils Model  **
 * Part Two:**
 * Dalton's Theory
 * Dalton's theory is based on the principle that atoms of different elements could be distinguished by differences in their weights. Dalton’s theory, says in a lecture to the Royal Institution in that he proposed a # of basic ideas, such as: **
 * 1) **All matter is composed of atoms**
 * 2) **Atoms cannot be made or destroyed**
 * 3) **All atoms of the same element are identical**
 * 4) **Different elements have different types of atoms**
 * 5) **Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged**
 * 6) **Compounds are formed from atoms of the constituent elements**
 * Plum Pudding**
 * Ernest Rutherford and Neils Bohr, develop a model. It was an important step to understand the structure of the atom. Rutherford's gold foil experiment led him to the discovery of the dense central region within a primarily entry space in each atom. He also concluded that since positively charged partials bounced back, the central region must have a positive charge.**


 * Planetary Model

This model of an atom assumes that the electrostatic attraction between the central and the electron is balance. If this would not be balance, the electron would either fall into the nudeus, or it would be flung out of the atom. ** Electron Cloud Model
 * This atoms is made up a dense nucleus. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons and it is surrounded by electrons. Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenburg develop this atom. **

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